Definition of "Worldview":
► "The way someone thinks about the world." - Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary
►"1. The overall perspective from which one sees and interprets the world.
2. A collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or a group." - The Free Dictionary
►"It can be compared to a pair of glasses. How a person makes sense of the world depends upon that person's "vision," so to speak. The interpretive "lens" helps people make sense of life and comprehend the world around them. Sometimes the lens brings clarity, and other times it can distort reality. - Reasons to Believe, http://www.reasons.org/articles/what-in-the-world-is-a-worldview
Two Main Types of Worldviews
1. Christian Worldview and 2. Non-Christian Worldview
There are two types of Non-Christian Worldviews:
1. Non-Christian Non-Religious Worldview and 2. Non-Christian Religious Worldview
Question: Why do we elevate a Christian worldview to such a high position among the myriad of worldviews?
Answer: We live in a religious world, where Christianity is #1.
A religious world
For the period 1970–2020, several global trends related to religious affiliation are apparent. In 1970, nearly 82% of the world’s population was religious. By 2010 this had grown to around 88%, with a projected increase to almost 90% by 2020. Religious adherence is growing largely due to the continuing resurgence of religion in China. In addition, in 1970 Christianity and Islam represented 48.8% of the global population; by 2020 they will likely represent 57.2%.
2.3% 1.9% Other
4.4% 1.8% Atheists
4.6% 3.4% Ethnoreligionists
6.2% 5.7% Chinese folk-religionists
6.4% 7.1% Buddhists
14.7% 8.9% Agnostics
12.5% 14.0% Hindus
15.6% 23.9% Muslims
33.2% 33.3% Christians
1970 2020
(Religious adherents, 1970 & 2020 Center for the Study of Global Christianity, June 2013)
Non-Christian Non-Religious Worldviews: Several Types of Non-Believers
► Atheist:
"Disbelief in or denial of the existence of God or gods. Atheism literally means 'no' God or 'without' God."(http://www.dictionary.com/browse/atheism)
According to a recent study by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga*, there are 6 types of Atheists:
1. Intellectual Atheist/Agnostic (IAA) - "... includes individuals who proactively seek to educate themselves through intellectual association, and proactively acquire knowledge on various topics relating to ontology (the search for Truth) and non-belief."
2. Activist (AAA) - are individuals who "... are not content with the placidity of simply holding a non-belief position; they seek to be both vocal and proactive regarding current issues in the atheist and/or agnostic socio-political sphere. This sphere can include such egalitarian issues, but is not limited to: concerns of humanism, feminism, Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgendered (LGBT) issues, social or political concerns, human rights themes, environmental concerns, animal rights..."
3. Seeker-Agnostic (SA) - "...consists of individuals attuned to the metaphysical possibilities precluding metaphysical existence, or at least recognizes the philosophical difficulties and complexities in making personal affirmations regarding ideological beliefs. They may call themselves agnostic or agnostic-atheist, as the SA simply cannot be sure of the existence of God or the divine. They keep an open mind in relation to the debate between the religious, spiritual, and antitheist elements within society."
4. Anti-Theist - One who is in "opposition to belief in God or gods." (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Anti-theism) - They believe religion is harmful. The "New Athiests" fit in here, like Richard Dawkins. (http://www.alternet.org/story/155685/no_religion_7_types_of_non-believers/) "... the more assertive in their view, some cases labeled as 'new atheists,' the Anti-Theist is diametrically opposed to religious ideology. As such, the assertive Anti-Theist both proactively and aggressively asserts their views towards others when appropriate, seeking to educate the theists in the passé nature of belief and theology. In other words, antitheists view religion as ignorance..." (UTC)
5. Non-Theist - "not many individuals identified themselves as this type... a few terms may best capture the sentiments of the Non-Theist. One is apathetic, while another may be disinterested. The Non-Theist is non-active in terms of involving themselves in social or intellectual pursuits having to do with religion or anti-religion. A Non-Theist simply does not concern him or herself with religion. Religion plays no role or issue in one’s consciousness or worldview; nor does a Non- Theist have concern for the atheist or agnostic movement... Simply put, Non-Theist’s are apathetic non-believers."
6. Ritual Atheist/Agnostic (RAA) - "holds no belief in God or the divine, or they tend to believe it is unlikely that there is an
afterlife with God or the divine. They are open about their lack of belief and may educate themselves on the various aspects of belief by others. One of the defining characteristics regarding Ritual Atheists/Agnostics is that they may find utility in the teachings of some religious traditions. They see these as more or less philosophical teachings of how to live life and achieve happiness than a path to transcendental liberation. Ritual Atheist/Agnostics find utility in tradition and ritual. For example, these individuals may participate in specific rituals, ceremonies, musical opportunities, meditation, yoga classes, or holiday traditions."
* University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) Departments of Psychology and Learning and Leadership, completed research focused on nonbelief within the United States (completed June 6, 2015). This project was designed and implemented by Christopher F. Silver doctoral candidate and Thomas J. Coleman III an undergraduate student at UTC. The research sought to explore the complexities of nonbelief identity in the United States.
► Agnostic:
"1. a. One who believes that it is impossible to know whether there is a God.
b. One who is skeptical about the existence of God but does not profess true atheism.
2. One who is doubtful or noncommittal about something." (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/agnostic) Agnosticism is "An intellectual doctrine or attitude affirming the uncertainty of all claims to ultimate knowledge." (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/agnostic)
Three Types of Agnosticism:
1. Strong agnosticism views God’s existence as unknowable, permanently and to all people.
2. Weak agnosticism can mean simply “I don’t know if there is a God,” or “We collectively don’t know if there is a God but we
might find out in the future.”
3. Alternately, the term can be used to describe an approach to knowledge. (http://www.alternet.org/story/155685/no_religion_7_types_of_non-believers/)
► Skeptic:
"One who instinctively or habitually doubts, questions, or disagrees with assertions or generally accepted conclusions."
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/skeptic) "A person who doubts received religious dogmas... has put critical thinking at the heart of the matter... a majority of their effort to debunking pseudoscience, alternative medicine, astrology and so forth. They broadly challenge the human tendency to believe things on insufficient evidence." (http://www.alternet.org/story/155685/no_religion_7_types_of_non-believers/)
► Free-Thinker (Freethought):
"... says that opinions should be based on logic and evidence rather than authorities and traditions."
(http://www.alternet.org/story/155685/no_religion_7_types_of_non-believers/)
► Humanist:
"... centers in on a set of ethical values. Humanism seeks to promote broad wellbeing by advancing compassion, equality, selfdetermination, and other values that allow individuals to flourish and to live in community with each other. These values drive not from revelation, but from human experience. (http://www.alternet.org/story/155685/no_religion_7_types_of_non-believers/)
► Deist:
"A person who believes that God created the universe and then abandoned it." (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/deist)
"...who didn’t believe in miracles or special revelation through sacred texts but thought that the natural world itself revealed a
designer who could be discovered through reason and inquiry." (http://www.alternet.org/story/155685/no_religion_7_types_of_non-believers/)
► Naturalist:
"1. One versed in natural history, especially in zoology or botany.
2. One who believes in and follows the tenets of naturalism." (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/naturalist)
The naturalist believes "...that the laws operating within the natural realm are the only laws governing the universe..."
(http://www.alternet.org/story/155685/no_religion_7_types_of_non-believers/)
► Secularist:
"An advocate of secularism; someone who believes that religion should be excluded from government and education."
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/secularist/)
Secularists "... argue that moral standards and laws should be based on whether they do good or harm in this world and that religion should be kept out of government. (http://www.alternet.org/story/155685/no_religion_7_types_of_non-believers/)
These Non-Christian Non-Religious Worldviews Fail Because:
1. They offer no hope for the present. There is no God who cares for them, who loves unconditionally, forgives, provides, blesses, offers peace and fulfillment, and answers prayer. There is no Divine Sovereign who controls the cosmos and the kings, and has your best interests at heart.
2. They provide no hope for future. There is no divine plan for one's life, provision and protection, no destiny, no afterlife of peace and bliss.
3. There is no meaningful explanation of origins. Just theories that life happened by chance.
4. There is no working solution to the problem of man's depravation, addiction and shame. E.g. Government sponsored addiction recovery programs that operate as secular, average less than 10% success rate, where similar Evangelical Christian programs like Teen Challenge average about 80% success rate.
5. There are such things as absolute truths. If truth is relative, then the statement that truth is relative is an absolute truth and would be a self-defeating statement by proving that truth is not relative. But, if truth is absolute, then the statement, "truth is
absolute," is true and not self-defeating. It is true that truth exists. It is true that truth will not contradict itself as we have just
seen. In fact, it is absolutely true that you are reading this paper. If we can see that there is such a thing as truth in the
world, then we could also see that there can be spiritual truth as well. It is not absurd to believe in spiritual absolutes
anymore than physical or logical absolutes. Furthermore, all belief systems cannot be true since they often contradict each
other in profound ways--and truth is not self-contradictory.
Non-Christian Religious Worldviews
Define: all religions that do not accept Jesus Christ as God who came to earth in human form.
1 John 4:2-3 "By this you know the Spirit of God: every spirit that confesses that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God; and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not from God..."
Non-Christian Religious Worldviews Fail Because:
1. their god(s) are dead.
- History attests to the resurrection of Jesus Christ and His empty tomb.
- Ancient contemporary critics recognised the integrity and love of Christ's followers and their worship of Him as a God.
- Ancient contemporary writers acknowledged the authenticity of the disciples and their writings.
- Christianity grew to millions in less than 100 years.
2. they have no credible source(s) and external evidences for belief.
- Unless the Bible is one of those sources, which is usually mis-interpreted and mis-quoted, their own writings do not have historical, archaeological and other scientific support. E.g. The Book of Mormon's teaching that native Americans were bred with early Israelites has been disproven through DNA testing and analysis, de-bunking the Book of Mormon's claims about history.
- The Bible is the only religious book attested to as credible by historians, archaeologists, geologists, physicists, astronomers, microbiologists, linguists, philosophers, sociologists and psychologists (Christian, Jewish and secular). Note: See "Manuscript Evidence for Superior New Testament Reliability" and "Extra-Biblical Accounts of New Testament Events/People" handout.
3. their beliefs are full of error and contradictions.
- E.g. Jehovah's Witnesses have many failed attempts at predicting Christ's return: 1914, 1918, 1925, 1940's, 1975.
- E.g. Islam's "religion of peace" motto contradicts the fact that they possess the most terrorist groups in the world.
- They can't all be true.
4. they do not provide answers that result in complete positive life change – spiritually, intellectually, emotionally, socially, physically and even financially.
- many groups help in some of these ways, but not all or most of them, as is often the case in Christianity. Even miracles and healing are testified to in practically every church within Christianity.
- Christianity is responsible for most of the religious benevolence around the world such as hopitals and medical clinics, feeding and housing programs, schools and universities, etc.
5. they coerce people to faith rather than invite them.
- E.g. Ex-Mormons talk of extravagent gifts and bribery to get them to join or stay in the faith.
- Sometimes non-Christian religious groups are uncommonly friendly, often only at the beginning.
- They usually teach they are the only keepers of the one true faith.
6. they indoctrinate rather than educate and stimulate to practice faith.
- adherents are forbidden to question the beliefs and practices of the faith, its leaders and their writings. They are often punished or harshly ex-communicated for their lack of faith.
7. they demand work from people to earn salvation, rather than offer free grace. E.g. Islam's 5 Pilars.
J.P. Moreland wrote, that if you are going to choose a religion, you should choose one:
1. whose picture of God harmonizes with what we know about God.
2. that does the best job of diagnosing the human situation and solution.
3. that requires a supernatural act to explain it.
4. that gives you all of Jesus, not just bits and pieces.
5. that gives you a devotional experience.
Christianity, because of Christ, does it all!
Textual Reliability New Testament
If critics want to disregard the New Testament, then they must also disregard other ancient writings by Plato, Aristotle, and Homer. This is because the New Testament documents are better preserved and more numerous than any other ancient writing. See the chart below:
If Jesus was crucified in 30 A.D., then that means that the entire New Testament was completed within 70 years. This is important because it means there were plenty of people around when the New Testament documents were written who could have contested the writings.
Extra-Biblical Accounts of New Testament Events/People
Dr. Terrence W. Smith & CARM
1. Flavius Josephus (AD 37?-101?, a Jewish historian, not a Christian) mentions John the Baptist and Herod - Antiquities, Book 18, ch. 5, par. 2.
"Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod's army came from God, and that very justly, as a punishment of what he did against John, that was called the Baptist: for Herod slew him, who was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue, both as to righteousness towards one another, and piety towards God, and so to come to baptism."
2. Flavius Josephus (AD 37?-101?) mentions Ananias the High Priest who was mentioned in Acts 23:2.
"Now as soon as Albinus was come to the city of Jerusalem, he used all his endeavors and care that the country might be kept in peace, and this by destroying many of the Sicarii. But as for the high priest, Ananias (25) he increased in glory every day, and this to a great degree..." Acts 23:2, "And the high priest Ananias commanded those standing beside him to strike him [Paul] on the mouth."
3. Flavius Josephus (AD 37?-101?) mentions James the brother of Jesus - Antiquities, Book 20, ch. 19.
"Festus was now dead, and Albinus was but upon the road; so he assembled the sanhedrim of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others."
4. Flavius Josephus (AD 37?-101?) mentions Christ - Antiquities, Book 18, ch. 3, par. 3.
"Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man; for he was a doer of wonderful works, a
teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. He was [the] Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day; as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day."
Note: There is debate among scholars as to the authenticity of this quote since it is so favorable to Jesus. The most prevailing view of scholars today is that Josephus did write this passage, but did not intend to call Jesus "the Christ."
(http://members.aol.com/FLJOSEPHUS/home.htm)
5. Tacitus (A.D. c.55-A.D. c.117, Roman historian) mentions "christus" who is Jesus - Annals.
"Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius…" http://classics.mit.edu/Tacitus/annals.mb.txt
6. Seutonius (A.D. 125) mentions the same persecution and reports Claudius' banishment (A.D. 52).
"Jews, who stirred up by Christ, were causing public disturbances." (see Acts 18)
7. Thallus Circa AD 52, wrote of the eclipse of the sun. Thallus wrote a history of the Eastern Mediterranean world from the Trojan War to his own time. His writings are only found as citations by others. Julius Africanus who wrote about AD 221 mentioned Thallus' account of an eclipse of the sun.
"On the whole world there pressed a most fearful darkness; and the rocks were rent by an earthquake, and many places in Judea and other districts were thrown down. This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun." Is this a reference to the eclipse at the crucifixion? Luke 23:44-45, "And it was now about the sixth hour, and darkness fell over the whole land until the ninth hour, 45 the sun being obscured; and the veil of the temple was torn in two."
Julius Africanus, Extant Writings, XVIII in the Ante–Nicene Fathers, ed. by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973), vol. VI, p. 130. as cited in Habermas, Gary R., The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ, (Joplin, MO: College Press Publishing Company) 1996.
8. Pliny the Younger mentioned Christ. Pliny was governor of Bithynia in Asia Minor. Pliny wrote ten books. The tenth around AD 112.
"They (the Christians) were in the habit of meeting on a certain fixed day before it was light, when they sang in alternate verses a hymn to Christ, as to a god, and bound themselves by a solemn oath, not to any wicked deeds, but never to commit any fraud, theft or adultery, never to falsify their word, nor deny a trust when they should be called upon to deliver it up."
Pliny, Letters, transl. by William Melmoth, rev. by W.M.L. Hutchinson (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1935), vol. II, X:96 as cited in Habermas, Gary R., The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ, (Joplin, MO: College Press Publishing Company) 1996.
9. The Talmud, "On the eve of the Passover Yeshu was hanged…" (hanged on a cross).
Gal. 3:13, "Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree."
Luke 22:1, "Now the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which is called the Passover, was approaching. 2And the chief priests and the scribes were seeking how they might put Him to death; for they were afraid of the people." This quotation was taken from the reading in The Babylonian Talmud, transl. by I. Epstein (London: Soncino, 1935), vol. III, Sanhedrin 43a, p. 281 as cited in Habermas, Gary R., The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ, (Joplin, MO: College Press Publishing Company) 1996.
10. Lucian (circa 120-after 180) mentions Jesus. Greek writer and rhetorician.
"The Christians, you know, worship a man to this day—the distinguished personage who introduced their novel rites, and was crucified on that account. . . . You see, these misguided creatures start with the general conviction that they are immortal for all time, which explains the contempt of death and voluntary self-devotion which are so common among them; and then it was impressed on them by their original lawgiver that they are all brothers, from the moment that they are converted, and deny the gods of Greece, and worship the crucified sage, and live after his laws."
Lucian, The Death of Peregrine, 11–13, in The Works of Lucian of Samosata, transl. by H.W. Fowler and F.G. Fowler, 4 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1949), vol. 4, as cited in Habermas, Gary R., The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ, (Joplin, MO: College Press Publishing Company) 1996. McDowell, Josh, Evidence that Demands a Verdict, San Bernardino, CA, Here's Life Publishers, Inc. 1979. Habermas, Gary R., The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ, (Joplin, MO: College Press Publishing Company) 1996. Encarta on the Web at http://encarta.msn.com .
11. H. G. Wells discusses Jesus & Christianity as factual history in detail (The Outline of History pp. 417-448, 1920).
"... a great teacher... Jesus of Nazareth." (p. 419)
"Weakened and ailing people were heartened and healed by His presence." (p. 421)
"Is it any wonder that to this day this Galilean is too much for our small hearts?" (p. 426)
"Witnesses were found to declare that they had positively seen him go up visibly in his body." (p. 429)
"They found out prophecies of the crucifixion in the prophets." (p.431)
"...the immense influence they have had upon the whole subsequent life of western mankind." (p. 433)
12. Will Durant wrote a 672 page volume entitled, "Caesar and Christ" (1944) as part of his multi-volume work, "The Story of Civilization." See pp. 553-561.
"The Christian evidence begins with the letters of Paul... almost universally accounted as substantially genuine. No one has questioned the existence of Paul or his repeated meetings with Peter, James and John, and Paul enviously admits that they had known Christ in the flesh." (p. 555)
"No one reading these scenes (Gospels) can doubt the reality of the figure behind them. That a few simple men should in one generation have invented so powerful and appealing a personality, so lofty an ethic, and so inspiring a vision of human brotherhood, would be a miracle far more incredible than any recorded in the Gospels." (p. 557)
13. The Encyclopedia Britannica gives 15 pages to Jesus Christ, 7 to Christianity, 6 to John's Gospel and only 2 pages to Mohammed, and 1 paragraph to Allah (1959 Edition).
14. Larry King – "Jesus was the most influential man in history."
Johannes Keppler | Matthew Maury |
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John Ambrose Flemming | Michael Faraday |
Blaise Pascal | Louis Agassiz |
Everett C. Koop | Wernher Von Braun |
Isaac Newton | Louis Pasteur |
Michael Behe | Phillip Johnson |
For more Scientists: visit rae.org, or read, "Professors Who Believe" (Vols. 1&2) - Paul M. Anderson, IVP, and "On the Seventh Day, 40 scientists" by John F. Ashton, MP.
By Dr. T (Terrence W. Smith)
Repetition - | repeat a phrase often and you will remember it. |
---|---|
Association - | line up a new thought with something familiar. |
Meditation - | think carefully and much about what God has said. |
And finally,
Devote yourself to regular and continual research, evaluation and application, and of course prayer! This is where the idea of “devotions” comes from, that many Christians all over the world commit to daily. James charged us with a promise to “Draw near to God, and He will draw near to you.” (James 4:8) A little
accountability goes a long ways too. Ask someone for help and encouragement, “But encourage one another day after day, as long as it is still called ‘Today,’ so that none of you will be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin.” (Hebrews 3:13) Also, “Let us not give up meeting together, as some are in the habit of doing, but let us encourage one another–and all the more as you see the Day approaching.” Hebrews 10:25 (NIV)
READ = Research + Evaluation + Application + Devotion
Great Websites: www.biblehub.com, www.blueletterbible.com, www.netbible.org, and www.biblestudytools.com
By Dr. T (Terrence W. Smith)
Footnotes:
1 https://news.gallup.com/poll/170834/three-four-bible-word-god.aspx
2 https://www.barna.com/research/the-bible-in-america-6-year-trends/
3 https://www.dictionary.com/browse/research
4 All Bible verses are quoted in the NASB unless otherwise noted.
5 https://www.dictionary.com/browse/context